Should I register a limited liability company (sp. z o.o.) or a sole trader?

The right choice depends on the scale of your activity, the number of owners, and your growth plans. A sp. z o.o. limits personal liability and makes it easier to bring in investors; a sole trader (JDG) is simpler and cheaper to start. We will help you identify the structure that is optimal from both a legal and tax perspective.

How long does it take to register a company in Poland?

Registration via the online S24 system typically takes 1–3 business days. Traditional registration with a notarised deed takes 2–4 weeks. After KRS registration, mandatory notifications to the tax office (NIP), social insurance institution (ZUS), and statistics office (GUS) are also required.

What is the minimum share capital for a Polish sp. z o.o.?

The minimum share capital for a Polish limited liability company (sp. z o.o.) is PLN 5,000. Capital may be contributed in cash or in kind (in-kind contribution). The minimum par value of a single share is PLN 50.

Can a foreign national register a company in Poland?

Yes. EU citizens may establish companies on the same terms as Polish nationals. Nationals from outside the EU may conduct business through a sp. z o.o., limited partnership (sp.k.), or joint-stock company (S.A.), among other forms. We guide foreign founders through the entire process, including all required formalities.

Do you also assist with company conversions and mergers?

Yes. We advise on conversions (e.g. from sole trader to sp. z o.o.), mergers, and demergers, as well as the registration of branches and representative offices of foreign companies in Poland. We support clients at every stage — from the legal and tax analysis through to the final KRS entry.

What is a shareholders' agreement and when should one be concluded?

A shareholders' agreement is a private contract governing the relationship between co-owners of a company — covering decision-making rights, non-compete obligations, exit mechanisms and dispute resolution. We recommend concluding one whenever an investor enters a company or where the company has multiple shareholders. A well-drafted agreement prevents conflicts that, without it, can be extremely costly to resolve.

When can a company director be personally liable for the company's debts?

A director of a Polish sp. z o.o. may become personally liable for the company's obligations if they failed to file for insolvency within the statutory 30-day deadline or if enforcement against the company proves ineffective. This liability covers obligations incurred during the director's tenure. We help management boards assess their exposure and take the right steps in time.

How much does it cost to set up a sp. z o.o.?

It depends on the registration route. Via S24 the court fee is PLN 250 plus PLN 100 for the announcement in the Court and Economic Monitor; traditional registration carries a PLN 500 court fee plus notarial costs (which depend on the capital). In both routes, transfer tax (PCC) of 0.5% of the share capital is due — the notary collects it on the traditional route, while an S24 company files a PCC-3 return itself within 14 days of signing the articles. Our legal fee is quoted individually on top of these official costs.

Can I set up a company in Poland remotely, without travelling?

The incorporation itself — yes, fully. A company can be formed through an attorney acting under a power of attorney, with no need to appear in person in Poland; S24 registration, however, requires a Polish trusted profile or qualified electronic signature, so for non-residents we usually recommend the notarial route with a representative. One practical exception: most Polish banks require a short in-person visit by at least one director to open the company's bank account (identity and AML/KYC checks). We plan that visit into the timeline and, together with our sister company Sarego Finance, prepare the bank documentation so it can usually be completed in a single day.

What obligations does a company have after registration?

A sp. z o.o. must keep full accounting books, file annual financial statements with the KRS, settle corporate income tax (CIT) and, if VAT-registered, submit JPK_VAT files. It must also report its beneficial owners to the CRBR and keep its KRS data up to date. We provide integrated accounting and tax services, so all deadlines are managed in one place.

Do I need a Polish partner or a Polish-resident director to open a company?

No. A foreigner can own 100% of a Polish sp. z o.o., and a single foreign founder may be the sole shareholder and sole board member. There is no requirement for a Polish partner, a Polish co-founder, or a director resident in Poland — founders of any nationality, including from outside the EU, can incorporate.

Services

Company Formation in Poland — Law Firm for Foreign Founders

Form a Polish sp. z o.o. as a foreigner — no Polish partner, incorporation by power of attorney. English-speaking attorneys handle KRS, tax and CRBR filings.

Forming a company in Poland is fully open to foreign founders: you don't need a Polish partner or Polish residence, and a single foreigner can own 100% of a Polish limited liability company (sp. z o.o.). As a law firm, we most often incorporate for non-residents by notarial deed under a power of attorney — with no travel to Poland — in 2–4 weeks, with articles of association tailored to your ownership structure; founders who hold a Polish trusted profile can instead use the online S24 system (1–5 business days). We run the whole process in English — choice of legal form, drafting the articles, registration in the National Court Register (KRS), and the tax, social-security and beneficial-owner filings — and stay on as your legal team afterwards, from shareholder agreements to investor entry. One practical note: while incorporation itself is fully remote, opening a Polish bank account usually requires one short in-person visit, which we coordinate.

Key facts

Most common form: Limited liability company (sp. z o.o.)
Minimum share capital: PLN 5,000 (approx. €1,200)
Foreign ownership: 100% permitted — no Polish partner or resident director required
Set up remotely: Incorporation: yes, by power of attorney — bank account opening usually needs one short visit
Timeline: 2–4 weeks (notarial deed by PoA) or 1–5 business days (S24 online, Polish trusted profile required)
Official court fees: PLN 250 + PLN 100 (S24) or PLN 500 (traditional)

We support entrepreneurs at every stage of a company's life — from choosing the legal form and incorporation, through ongoing corporate governance and share transactions, to conversions and winding-up. The most common forms are the sole proprietorship (JDG), the limited liability company (sp. z o.o.), the simple joint-stock company (P.S.A.) and the joint-stock company (S.A.). The minimum share capital is PLN 5,000 for a sp. z o.o. (Article 154 of the Polish Commercial Companies Code, KSH), PLN 1 for a P.S.A., and PLN 100,000 for an S.A. (Article 308 KSH). The choice of form is decisive for owners' liability, taxation and the ability to attract investors. We handle the entire registration process: drafting the articles of association (by notarial deed or via the S24 system), registration with the KRS, and the required filings with the tax office (NIP, VAT-R), social insurance (ZUS), the statistics office (GUS) and the Central Register of Beneficial Owners (CRBR). We also manage day-to-day corporate life — shareholder meetings, KRS updates, investment and shareholders' agreements, investor entry, share sales, as well as corporate disputes and directors' liability (Article 299 KSH).

When do you need this service?

You are a foreign company opening a subsidiary or branch in Poland
You are an investor or entrepreneur from abroad setting up in Poland for the first time
Your ownership structure is non-standard — holding companies, several jurisdictions, or custom articles a template can't handle
You aren't sure which form fits — sp. z o.o., P.S.A., S.A. or a sole proprietorship
You are going into business with a partner and want the ground rules set clearly
You are bringing in an investor or selling shares in your company
You want to limit your personal liability for the business's obligations

How the process works

1
Analysis and choice of legal formWe discuss your business model, growth plans and tax situation, then recommend the optimal form of activity.
2
Preparing the documentsWe draft the articles of association or statute, the list of shareholders and the full set of registration documents tailored to the chosen form.
3
Signing the articles of associationThe deed is concluded electronically via the S24 system or as a notarial deed (including by power of attorney for non-residents), depending on the company type and the contributions made.
4
Registration with the KRSWe file the application for entry in the National Court Register together with the required attachments and fees.
5
Filings with the tax office, ZUS, GUS and CRBRWe complete the identification filings (NIP, VAT-R), register the company as a contributions payer and report the beneficial owners to the CRBR.
6
A company ready to operateWe hand over the complete documentation and, if needed, take the company on for ongoing legal, accounting and tax support.

What you'll need

Details of the shareholders (or of the parent company for a subsidiary)
The proposed company name and registered-office address
The scope of business activity (PKD codes)
The amount of share capital and the split of shares
Details of the management board and the manner of representation
Passport or identity document (PESEL number is not required to start)

What we cover

Choosing the optimal legal structure (sole trader, sp. z o.o., S.A., partnerships)
Drafting, amending and adapting articles of association and statutes
KRS registration and notifications to tax office (NIP/VAT), ZUS and GUS
KRS updates — changes to management board, shareholders and registered data
Ongoing corporate legal services (management board, supervisory board, shareholder meetings)
Shareholder and general meetings management (minutes, resolutions, notices)
Shareholders' agreements, investment agreements and exit arrangements
Investor entry — due diligence, negotiations and transaction documentation
Sale and acquisition of shares
Company conversions, mergers and demergers
Company winding-up and deregistration from KRS
Corporate disputes — challenging resolutions, shareholder conflicts
Directors' liability advisory
Registration of foreign company branches and representative offices in Poland

For foreign founders and investors

Poland is one of the most popular destinations in the EU for foreign investment, and we regularly set up companies for clients from Germany, Austria, the UK, the US and Ukraine. EU and EEA citizens may establish a business on exactly the same terms as Polish nationals; investors from outside the EU most often use a sp. z o.o., which is open to founders of any nationality — with no requirement for a Polish partner or a Polish-resident director.

Foreign founders should plan for a few practical points: signing in the S24 system requires a Polish electronic signature or trusted profile (ePUAP), which usually presupposes a PESEL number, so non-residents often incorporate by notarial deed instead — and this can be done by power of attorney, without travelling to Poland. After registration, a company has the same obligations as any Polish entity, including beneficial-owner reporting to the CRBR and, where relevant, VAT registration.

Foreign clients work with one team for the whole setup and everything that follows. Our managing partner is admitted to the New York State Bar and serves as the New York State Bar Association's Chapter Chair for Poland, and the firm is trusted counsel (Vertrauensanwalt) to the Austrian Consulate General in Kraków. We advise in English, German, Ukrainian and Russian, and coordinate notaries and sworn translators. For accounting, payroll, VAT compliance and bank-account setup we work hand in hand with our sister company Sarego Finance, based in the same building — so legal, tax and banking are handled as one process. We also take care of the related matters foreign clients usually need, such as residence and work permits and double-taxation questions.

Frequently Asked Questions

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Our lawyers are available to advise you in Polish, English, German, Ukrainian and Russian.

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